Newspapers / The Wilmington Messenger (Wilmington, … / Jan. 1, 1904, edition 1 / Page 1
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,- t: . - YOL. XXXVI I' No. 1 sr ' ' " . . -a- . - . - y ....... ., . "Ig!? ' , r AWKJL undredis Theatre Fire 1L JU1 :At '1'Ai P. M. Coroner Ticser Re ported 736 Dead by Actual Count. Thrilling Stories of the Tork of Keecue and the RecoTery of the Dead This is Reckoned as the Sec ond Greatest Calamity That Erer Occurred in Chicago The Iroquois Theatre, Used for the First Time, Was Packed AVlth a Matinee Au dience Watching the Production of Blue Beard," When in the Sec ond Act of the Play, the Fire Broke Out in the Flies of the Stage, Pre sumably from a Defect in the Elec trical Display In an Instant the Draperies and Flimsy Stage Set tings had Burst Into Flames The Actors and Actresses Ran Wildly About the Stage as the Audience tta Wnv to I Fougnt anu the Front In a Short Time .the intvrfor of the Theatre was Appar- ( Interior oi me i ontly a Slass of Flame, and Smoke " . . rqrt,wia from the ' Was Issuing in Clouds from uie Front of the House A iTtgntiui Panic Ensued The Loss of life was Greatest at the Foot of the Stairways from the Upper. Bal J. conies At that Point the , Bodies of the Persons Who Sought to Flee from the Flames Were Piled Fully TwelTe Feet Deep The Bodies Were Taken Out as Rapidly as the Men Could Enter the Smoke-Filled Corridor and Grasp Their Awful Load At 4:45 P. M. the Fire Was Out. Chicago, 111., December 30. About ftve hundred and fifty, people were killed in ten minutes this afternoon during a fire in Iroquois Theatre, the newest, the largest and as far as hu man power could make It, the safest theatre in Chicago. Estimates of the dead and injured vary. The police account of the dead is 636. The es timate of the newspapers is 562. Be sides this there are fifty-five people missing at midnight, the majority of whom are probably among the dead in the morgue and various undertak ing establishments. Eighty-six of the dead have been positively Identified and ninety-two others are known to be injured. A few. of these people were burn ed to death by fir many were suffo cated by gas, and scores were tram pled U death In the panic jthat fol lowed the mad plunge of the fright ened audience for the exits. It will be many hours before the number of dead is accurately known and 'many . days before all of them, will be iden tified. There are bodies lying by the dozens tonlsrht in the tindertaking rooms, in the police stations, and In the hospitals from which nearly e - ery thing that could "reveal their iden tlty to those who knew them best is gone. .Their clothing is torn to rags or burned to cinders and their faces have been crushed Into an unrecog nizabie pulp by the heels of the crowd that trampled them down a they fled for jsafety. - The fire, broke out, during the sec ond act of the'play "Mr Bluebeard," which was the first dramatic produc tion presented In the theatre since its erection. The company, which was very large, escaped to the street in ly of all them, however. ibeineV nee into tne snowy streets' Ylothing but their ; stage cos Iew members or the COmDiffrstr?i!.u mmur injuries but nonl ere seriously hurt. "Orogln or tlie Fire. Accounts ,'6f theorigIn of the fir are conflicting:, and none of them r certain, but thfe best reason given is r- that an electric. Vire near the lower Dart of a piece", of drop scenery sud denly broke and was grounded. Th .fire spread rapidly toward vthe front of the stage, causing the members of :the. chorus, who werethen engaged f in the performance, to -flee to the V wings with screams of terror. The J fire In Itself up to this time was not serious and .possibly could have .been . ) checked had not the asbestos curtain i -jtt ai tea to work. 1. i 3 i Xi3 Perish m a DEATH LIST As soon as the fire was discovered, Eddie Foy, the chief comedian of the. company, shouted to lower the cur tain, and this was immediately done. It descended about half way ana then stuck. The fire thus was given practically a flue, through which a strong draft was setting, added by the doors which had been thrown open in the front of the theatre. With a roar and a bound, the flames shot through .the opening over the heads of the people on the first floor and reaching clear up to those in the first balcony, caught them and burned them to death where they were. As soon as the flames first appeared be yond the curtain, a man in the rear of the ball shouted "Fire, fire," and the entire audience rose as one per son and made for the doors. It is believed that the explosion was caus ed by the flames coming in contact with the gas reservoirs of the theatrdU. causing them to burst. An Explosion. Immediately after the rush of flames there came an explosion wnicn imea me enure rooi oi which lifted the entire roof of the theatre from its walls, shattering the great skylight into fragments. Will J. Davis, manager of the theatref sald after the catastrophe that If the peopie had remained in their seats and had not been excited R,nf?1 itf would have been lost. This Is, how ever, contradicted by the statements of the firemen, which found numbers of people sitting in their -seats, their faces directed toward the stage as if the performance was still going on. It was the opinion of, the firemen that these people had been suffocated at once by the flow of gas which came from behind the asbestos cur tain. As near as can be estimated at the present time about 1,300 people ware In the theatre. Three hundred of these were on the first floor, the bal ance being in the two upper balconies and in the hallways back of them. " The theatre is modelled after the Opera Comique in Paris and from the rear of each balcony there are three doors leading out to passage ways toward the front of theajtre. Two oi these doorways are at tHe end of the balcony and one in the center. The audience in Its rush for the outer air seems to have for the greater part, chosen to flee to the left entrance- and to attempt to make its way down the eastern stairway lead ing into the lobby of the theatre. Out side of the people burned and suffo cated by gas it was in these two doorways on the first and second bal conies that the greatest losa of lif occurred. The Fight for Life. When the. firemen entered the building, the dead were found stre teheed in a pile at the head of the stairway at least eight feet from the door back to a point about five feet In the rear of the door. This mass of dead bodies in the center of the doorway reached to within two feet of the passage way. All of the corpse8 at this point were women and chil dren. The fight for life which must have taken place at these two points, is something that is simply beyond human power; adequately to describe. Only a faint Idea of Its horror coula be derived from the aspect of ." the bodies as they lay. Women on top of these masses of dead had been overtaken by death as they were crawling on their hands and knees over the bodies of those who had died before. Others lay with arms stretched out in the direction toward which lay -life and safety, holding in their hands fragments of garments not their own. They were evidently torn from the clothing ofothers whom they had endeavored' to hold down and trample under. foot as they fought for their own lives. Brave Men Break Down. As the police arid firemen removed layer after laj'er in these doorways. the sight become too much even for i them, hardened as they are to such seenes, to endure. The bodies -were in such an inextricable mass, and so tightly were they Jammed betwe the slides of the door and the walls that it was impossible to lift them one by one and carry them out. The; only possible thing to do was to selz a limb or some other portion, of the body and pull with main strength, Men worked at the -task with -tears j running down their cheeks and th j sobs of the rescuers could be heard even in the hall below where this . awful scene was being enacted. A , number of the men were compelled to abandon their task and give it over to others whose nerves had.not as yet j As one by one the bodies were dragged out , of the water soaked blackened. mass of corpses,-the spec tacle .became" more and more heart rending". There were women - whose clothing? .was torn completely from their bodies above the waist, . whose bosoms i had been . trampled i Into a pulp and whose faces were marred WILMINGTON N. C, DEATH iVlC; beyond all power of identification. Bodies lay In the first and second balconies in great numbers. In some places they were piled up in the aisles three and four deep where one had fallen and others tripped over the" prostrate forms, and all had died where they lay, evidently suffocated by the gas. Others were bent over backs of seats where tbey had be thrown by the rush by people for the doors. and killed with hardly.a chance to rise from their seats. One man was found with his. back bent nearly double, his spinal' column having been fractured as he .was thrown backward. -A woman was found cut nearly in half , by the back of the seat, she having been forced over' it face downward. In the aisles nearest to' Uiedoors, the scenes were harrowing in the ex treme. Bodies lay in every conceiv able attitude half naiced, the look on their faces revealing some portion of the agony which must have preceded their death. There were scores and scores of people whose entire face had been trampled completely off by the heels of those who rushed over them and In one aisle the body of a man was found with not a" vestige of clothing, flesh or bone remaining above his waist line. The entire up per portion of his body had been cut into mince meat and carried away by the feet of those of who trampled him; a search was carefully made with a hope of finding his head, but at a late hour tonight it had not been discovered. The theatre had been constructed but a short time and all its equip ment were not yet in place. This was unfortunately the caae with a 'fire escape in the rear of the building. The small iron balconies to which the iron ladder was to be attached were up, but the ladder had not yet been constructed. . .. Failure of Fire Escape.' When the panic was at Its height, a number of women ran for these fire escapes only to find as they emerged from the doorway upon the little Iron platform, that they were thirty to fifty feet from the ground, a fire behind and no method of escape In front. Those who reached the platform endeavored to hold their footing and to keep back the crowd that passed upon them from the rear. The effort was utterly useless and in a few moments the ' iron ledges, were jammed with crowds of women .who screamed, fought and tore at each. other like maniacs. This lasted but a brief interval, and the rush from the interior of the building be came so violent that many of them were crowded off and fell to the granite pavement below. Others leaped from the platform, fracturing legs and arms and two were picked up at this point with fractured skulls, having been killed instantly. George Helliott. secretary of the Consolidated Gas Company was in a building directly opposite the theatre across the alley and noticing smoke went down to ascertain Its cause. When he reached the street the wo men were already dropping into the alley and he immediately rushed for a ladder, In the effort to save as many as possible. No ladder was available and the only method of assistance they were able to devise was to hur riedly lash some planks together and throw them across to the affrighted women of the platforms with instruc tion to place the end firmly on the Iron frame work. Before this could be done, a fearful loss of time en sued, the women were being pushed over every Instant to the" alley and by the tTfTie the bridge was constructed but few remained to take advantage of It. However about two dozen. It Is believed made their way . across this narrow causway. The. members of the theatrical company being on the , first floor had comparatively little . difficulty in reaching the street, although their situation was for a moment highly critical because of the speed with which the flames swept through the mass of scenery In the flies and on the stage. Eddie Fow, principal comedian in the play was one of. the last to es cape, by 'getting out through a rear door after assisting the women mem bers of the company to safety. He went into the Sherman House in his stage costume and with his face cov ered with grease and paint, in order to secure surgical, attendance for some burns he had sustained. In describing the commencement" of the fire, Foy attributed the extent" of the catastrophe to the failure of the fire proof curtain to work properly. Be cause of this, he said, the flames readily obtained access to the main part of the theatre and were forced by the draft, carrying with It gas as well as fire, swept up to the two bal conies where the loss of life was greatest. "The flre began in the middle of the second act." said Mr. Foy. "An electric wire broke, was grounded, and from this the flames were started In the rear of the stage. The stage ,s unusuaily wide and there was BO m-eat a draft th flm nn rM- !y. They, soon had attacked all the scenery In the rear of the house. I never believed it possible for fire to spread so quickly. When It first started I went to the foot lights, and to prevent alarming the audience said that there was a slight blaze, and that It would be better for all to leave quietly. Then I stepped back and called for the asbestos curtain to be lowered. This, when about half way down. . refused to feo farther, and This swept the flames . out into the auditorium and I knew ; that the theatre was doomed. I hurried back tothe stage and added In getting- the women members of the company into the alley.. J Some of them were In tthetr dressing rooms and were almost overcome by smoke before they could get down to tb e ; stage and to the JANTJART SI- 1804.' doors. - The simple fact that the cur tain did not descend entirely was what saved the lives of the company, although it caused such a horrible catastrophe in the front of the house. After the curtain had refused to de scend, then came the explosion Of the gas tanks and with the curtain down, all the flre and gas would have been confined between the rear wall of the theatre and tne flre proof curtain in . front. Under these cir cumstances it would not have been possible for a single member of the company to escape alive, unless he or she had been standing immediately in front of the door leading into the alley. As it was. the draft carriea all the gas and fire out beneath the curtains and the company was saved, although their salvation was the death of so many poor people in front." Rarely in the history, of -Chicago has its people been so stirred as by the calamity of today. It Is next to the .Chicago fire, the greatest catas trophe that has ever occurred here; and the speed with which it came and went seemed for a brief period to appall the business section of the city. ' The news spread-with great rapidity and in a short time, hundreds of men, women and children were rushing toward the theatre." The building in which the calamity oc curred stands midway between State and Dearborn streets on the nor tb side of Randolph street. Although every available police-' man within call of tne department was Immediately hurried to the spot and the men placed in lines at the end of the block' allowing nobody to enter Randolph street from- either Dearborn or State, it was found for a time almost; Impossible to hold back the frenzied crowd that pressed forward, many of them having friends or relatives In the theatre and tried to learn something of them. The conduct of the police was beyond all praise. The officers held their ground firmly and gently pushed back all those who sought to gain an entrance to the theatre, although In some in stances frantic men, anxious to look for the loved ones, actually beat the officers with their fists In their rage at being prevented. In spite of the efforts of the pplice, however, a large number of people succeeded in breaking through their lines and entering the theatre, and in many cases did heroic work in res cuing the injured and carrying out the dead. Among these was former Alderman William H. Thompson" who, unaided, carried to the street the bodies of eight women. The first newspaper men upon the ground also carried out" many of the dead and Injured. The building was so full of smoke when the firemen first arrived that the full extent of the catastro phe was not Immediately grasped until a fireman and a newspaper man crawled up the stairway leading to the balcony, holding handkerchiefs over .their mouths to avoid suffoca tion.:. As they reached the doorway the ,firemen.,whose vision was better trained in such emergencies, seized his companion by the arm. exclaiming "Good God, man, don't . walk on their faces." The two men tried valntt to get through the door which was jammed with dead women piled higher than either of their heads. AH the lights in the theatre were neces sarily out and the ' only illumination came through the cloud of smoke that hung between, the interior of the. theatre and the street. The two im mediately hurried to the floor below and informed Chief Musham of the flre department that the dead bodies were piled high in the balcony and prompt assistance must be rendered if any of them were to be saved. The chief at once called upon all of his men In the vicinity to aban don worK on the fire and come at once to the rescue. The buildings was so dark. and the smoke so thick that it was found Impossible to accomplish anything until lights had been se cured. Word was at once sent to the Orr and Lockett Hardware Company, two doors east of the theatre and that firm at once placed' Its entire stock of lanterns at the service of the department. Over 200 lights were quickly carried into the build ing and the work of rescue com menced. So rapidly were the bodies brought down .that for over an hour there were two streams of men pass Ing in and out of the door way, the one carrying the bodies, the other composed of men returning to gt more. . - , ' They were carried Into Thompson's restaurant which adjoins -the theatre on the east, where all the available space was given by the proprietor. The dead and wounded were placed upon chairs, tables and counters, one woman even being placed for lack of a better spot on top of a cigar case. Because of the tremendous throng which surrounded the block in which the theatre building stood, It was not possible for the police to carry the dead and wounded any distance, and they were compelled to await for ambulances at the theatre. Although all the patrol wagons and every am bulance owned by the city was press ed into service, they were utterly In adequate to carry away the dead and In -a short time there was a line of corpses fifty feet long, piled two and three high on the sidewalks In front of the theatre. It was found neces sary In order to convey the bodies rapidly to the Morgue, and to the various undertaking establishments, to Impress trucks into service and in these, upon costly blankets furnished by the dry goods stores In the vicin ity, and covered with the same ma terial the . dead were hauled away, practically like so much cord wood. The merchants In the vicinity of the theatre sent wagon load after wagon load of blankets, rolls of linen and packages of. cotton to be used in binding up the wounds of the in jured and to cover the dead. The drug stores furnished their stock to anybody that asked .for it In the name of people hurt in the fire. Doctors and trained ' nurses were- , on the ground by the score within half an hour after the extentiof the 'calamity was Known and every wounaedner son who was carried from the fmildr Ing received prompt - medical aid, A number of doctors waited. at the. en trance t to' ' the theatre with stetho scopes 'in' hand and as roon as a body , .which looked as ; though it talsht possess life was carried, out. It was at once examined and if dead placed on the pile lying on the sidewalk. The others were . at nce placed In ambulances and whirled away to hos pital or to the offices: of physic ians in the immediate' neighbor hood. While the police and firemen were carrying out the dead and" in jured. Will J. Davis, one of the pro prietors of the theatre, was indefati gable in his efforts to alleviate ail suffering and to assist In caring for the dead. He said: There was ne need, so far as I know, of a single life being lost. There 5 were over forty exits to the theatre.. The build ing Is fire proof and if somebody had not screamed "Fire I think that as far as those killed in the panic axe concerned, all could have reached the street In safety. And of those who. were suffocated by the gas, nearly art1 would have been out by the time the explosion occurrea jr. oraer.naa Deen preserved in making their exits. As far as' we Tiave learned, everybody on fl - m . . m . I the first floor except three, escaped. although some sustained bruises and other minor injuries. The great loss of life was In the first and second balconies. It was declared tonieht hv the man agement of the theatre that the flre was not caused by the grounding of art electric wire or to any defect In the equipment of the theatre. It started, they claim, by the bursting of a calcium light apparatus. The con cussion was so great that it blew out the skylights over the stare and auditorium. This statement of the theatre management Is so directed by many who were in the theatre and who declared that before the ex plosion occurred they saw flames In the narrow streak crossing along the fall near the upper part of the drop curtain. William Zellers. the house fireman who was severely burned in trying to lower the asbestos curtain, describes the scene upon the stage and the cause or the fire as follows: "I was standincr in the wintrs when I heard the explosion and then Immediately afterward a cry of fire from the staee and all over the theatre. Looking up saw that the curtain was ablaze and at once I ran for the fire cur tain. We cot it half wav down when the wind rushed in from the broken skylight; bellied . . it out so that it caugnt ana we could not budge it. With the stage hands, I climbed to where It was suspended and together we tried to push fit down. Our cries were futile and seeinsr that no human cower could move that rre- curtaln and that the stage was a mass or names, turned my attention to warniner the actors and trvin tn i save those who introduced the trou ble." Eddie Foy hurried to the front of the stage and commanded the people to remain calm, saying that if they would keep their seats the danger would be averted. The curtain, how ever, still burned, pieces of the smouldering cloth , falling into the orchestra pit. An effort was made by . the.rartagew hands to arrange the curtain so that the blazing fragments Hrould hot drop into the pit. I looked over the -faces of the . audience and remarked how many children were present. I could see their faces fill ed -tith Interest and their eyes wide open, as they watched the burning curtain. Just. then the people In the balcony rose to their feet and crowd ed to obtain a better view of the fire. Eddie Foy rushed to the center of the stage again and waved his arms In a gesture meaning for the people to be seated. At that Instant a woman In the rear of the place screamed "Fire!" and the entire au dience of women and children rose to their feet filled with uncontrollable terror. In another instant there was a confused roar made by a thousand people as they rushed madly from the Impending danger. "On the stage the chorus girls who had aroused'my admiration because of their exhibition of presence of mind, turned to flee, but many of them were overcome before they could take a step. Several of them fell to the floor and I saw the men In the cast, and the stage hands carry them off the stage. Miss Elsie Elmore was the first to leave our box. The upholstering on the railing was then on flre, and we were com pelled to brush fragments of the burning curtain from our clothing in order to prevent them catching fire Then there came a great roar and a great draft of air and the flames shot out over the parquette of the theatre until it seemed to me as though they must reach the very front walls of the building. There wera but few men in the audience, but I saw several of them pulling and pushing women and children aside as they fought like maniacs to reach the exits. I saw a number of little children ' trampled under foot and none of them arose again. In the balcony the scene was beyond my power to describe. There was a big black crush of human be ings, each one apparently fighting everybody else. The balcony was so steep that many fell before they had left the first four rows of seats. The exits to the fire escapes were choked and those In the rear rushed with all the strength they possessed upon those who were nearer to the door way. "It was almost Incredible, the speed with which the flames ran through the scenery, and although I was but a second after Miss Elmore In jump ing over the railing of our box to the aisle In front, the stage was a mass of flames. As I started upon the aisle a man rushed into me and knocked me down. I was so terror stricken that I grew weak and sank into one of the orchestra chairs. ani after that I hardly remember any thing. , In some way I reached the main entrance where men were kick ing against the doors and shattering the glass and panels in their attempt to afford a larger space for the exit of the people. Many fell as they reached the doors where a few steps more would have carried them; to fresh air and safety. As I look at it now I . must have been walking on prostrate bodies as I struggled through the opening. - All of - our party, escaped in about the same manner as I did, but all of them suf fered . so terribly In 'the matter of clothing that the first thing they did tCsBttaued ea Filth Page.) OliOO PER TH J. Skolton Jtyffllams. Ro-. . signs as7 :::cnt : of :S.V tirl V .V t barr:eectep The Resignation tyasTeicrcd I Meeting of the; Director rl3 ta s ) New v York Mr.' 'tn? V 'y . . Made Oiiirraan of the ' 9 Dirccto--vioo rmid" ' Whose Elcctlon.-Was TJrcI 7 Ci ; New Interests, Becomes of the Seaboard 8rrteca,' v Tort; December t 1 meeting of the directors1 of Ck Cea - Doanx Air Line today J. facet Wil liams resigned the office of Pr3ifiiet of the company "and Vice- Presjtt Barr was elected President HirrJ Manager. Mr. Williams 'was) elected chairman of the board of dlrevtcra. ; Mr. Williams expressed a'destra to b relieved of the active macaceneat fa ' order to give tnore of his Unta so hf banking interest and peraoaat affair. It was therefore decided to axaend the by-laws and to establish the dee of , chairman of th board, to whick ae wus then elected. " : , J. M. Middendorf waa nomlaasted, twt declined re-election as second vtss pres ident and the offlco was thereflor nof 7 filled. . The following members of tka board were elected to be members of tha x ecuuve comittee: T. F. Hyaa. T. J. Ooolride, Jr., T. J. Blair, J. a TTUliains, J. u. ueanis, li. p. Yoakum aad B.-D. Warfleld. ' ' Other officers were elected a fallaws: N. s. Meldrim, Vice Presideat a&4' Treasurer; D, C. Porteous, Besretaty and T. W. Roby comptroller. Mr. BarrTs succession to tke tresi-' dency was. expected. om.mo.atia t In spite of repeated denial frcsa cScUI quarters. His selection was,rge4 br the Interests which more rooeaUy b came dominant in the 6eaboari sysr tern. " ' - r OX THE OOTTOy M tTTTT. . 'i Speculation Tery Active and tlons Were Erratic 4 w - 1 " New York, December li-4Saus lation tn cotton was resumed en am -V; exceedingly active scale leday - and ,' trade' sentiment seemed ce tea aer-. , vous and unsettled than oa yesterday. : From the very clang" ef Vbm gong ? fluctuations we're wildly erratic Oa- . bles were perhaps a shade better J i than lsoked for just before fiaa local t opening, - but afterwards weakened 1 : and the outlook was for heavy ire-. : ceipts. : ' 1 First - prices were sevea , points ; higher to 8 points lower and f Hw'- Ing the call ruled very erratic XXay, " for instance, opened at 1S.7S, k wt ' -loss of five points, sold up ta USt on the call, then broke te lt.fC, re- covered slightly but within- the Crrt : half hour sold back to lS.ff, a net loss of 24 points, while tke ether . months showed equally wide changes. ? - with the general tendency downward ' . ' as a result of heavy liquidation and J rumors that the bulls were emJoaaV , ing.' - V ' At the lowest level of the msYnln, March sold at 13.29: May at 13.40 and . July at 13.44, this being . a net of 35 to 40 points and a decline ef ? about 14.85 a bale from tfce best prices of yesterday. Just abent mid- . day the bulls quickly .renewed their tactics and began bidding aggres sively, while the room crowd that .had 'v " been helping to sell the. market dowa turned -to cover and a perfect terrent . ol buying came in,' with prices; rally- i . ing to about, the best point af the' morning or just about even with last r night's close. This was succeeded toy another down tarn of several points .V and early afternoon showed losses of 9 to It on all points on the active months. j . ' During the late trading fluctua--. tlons were less violent, but the mao ', - ket showed a distinct downward ten dency usder liquidation that accom- ; panied unsettling rumors ' regarding the far eastern situation. The market' closed weak at a net decline ef 33 to 49 points. Sales were estiraatd at 1,500.000 bales. X - .. . , General Woodruff to Do Zhsty la North Carolina. J .Washington December 31, -At the., request of the Governor f 20rlh; Carolina, "Brigadier General Carle A. . Woodruff, Ui STA-. retired, feci taea. ' ordered to report tathe Governor xX Jtalelgh for duty with the orcanlxed militia" of the State of Ncxtfe Caro lina for a period of four years un-J . less sooner relieved. This detail "H made "under the provisoes cf tha Dick militia bill and while eTris under . it; General Woodrc3 win re ceive the full, pay and aT. u c2 V -1 v - .r v X - ... , - v:. ! V Q;'. y ... -. r. I
The Wilmington Messenger (Wilmington, N.C.)
Standardized title groups preceding, succeeding, and alternate titles together.
Jan. 1, 1904, edition 1
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